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The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality - Persée
Tan Antonio S. The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality. In: Archipelvolume 32, The recorded history of the Philippines would be incomplete as a basis for understanding contemporary society unless it takes into account the Chinese mestizos' contributions to our development as a nation. The Chinese mestizos were an important element of Philippine society in the 19th century.
They played a significant role in the formation of the Filipino middle class, personal essays about home furnitures, in the agitation for reforms, in the revolution, and in the formation of what is now known as the Filipino nationality.
In contemporary times their role in nation-building continues, personal essays about home furnitures. Filipinos with Chinese blood in their veins have occupied important positions in the highest levels of the government.
During the first half of the 20th century, one of the dominant national political figures, later the Vice- President of the Philippine Commonwealth, was Sergio Osmena who was a Chinese mestizo.
During the American regime, the roster of the Philippine National Assembly was a veritable list of Chinese mestizos.
A number of Chinese mestizos have become president : Jose P. Laurel, Elpidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, and Ferdinand E. Others in public service recently or today include Prime Minister Cesar Virata, Ministers Carlos P. Romulo, Roberto Ongpin, Arturo Tanco, National Food and Grains Administrator Jesus Tanchanco, Director of the National Library, Dr, personal essays about home furnitures. Sera- fin Quiason and Supreme Court Justice Claudio Teehankee. Other prominent figures in our history in various fields of human endeavour were of Chinese-Filipino descent or partly so, either on the paternal or maternal side.
A few of them can be cited. In religion, mother Ignacia de Espiritu Santo founder of the first Filipino congregation for Filipino women, Fr. Lorenzo Ruiz candidate for sainthoodand Jaime Cardinal Sin. In the judiciary, Justice Ramon Avancena and Supreme Court Justice Jose Abad Santos. In education, Vidal A. Tan UP PresidentTeodoro M. Kalaw educator and historianpersonal essays about home furnitures, Manuel Lim Secretary of Education. In politics, Eulogio Rodriguez Sr.
NP senator and Arsenio H, personal essays about home furnitures. Lacson mayor of Manila. In business and philanthropy, Teodoro Yangco. In the military profession, General Vicente Lim and Cesar Fernando Basa, both heroes of personal essays about home furnitures war II. In art, Tomas Pinpin, the first Filipino printer. Even these few examples should suffice to make it evident that, through different periods, the Chinese mestizos have exerted a tremendous influence on our history.
Yet, paradoxically, the role the Chinese mestizos have played in the making of the Filipino nation has received little attention from our scholars. Only within the last two decades or personal essays about home furnitures have such men like Edgar Wickberg, Fr.
Jesus Merino and John Schumacher delved personal essays about home furnitures the contributions of the Chinese mestizos to our society W. The Chinese mestizo played an important part in the creation and evolution of what is now called the Filipino nation.
According to Fr. Jesus Merino, O. Underscoring the positive contributions of the Chinese mestizo to the larger society, Juan Fernando grudgingly acknowledged the fact that the only beneficial effect of the Chinese immigrants was the «industrious race of Chinese mestizo» 3.
Of the two main types of mestizos identified in colonial Philippines, the Spanish mestizo and the Chinese mestizo, the latter proved to be a more significant element in Philippine society for three reasons : first, the Chinese mestizo was more numerous as there was a greater infusion of Chinese blood than any other blood in the Filipino.
In the midth century, there wasChinese mestizos, but only about 7, to 10, Spanish mestizos. Secondly, the Chinese mestizos were readily assimilated into the fabric of the native society. Thirdly, more than the Spanish mestizo, they were to assume important roles in the economic, social, and political life of the nation. By the second half of the 19th century, they had become so numerous and their influence so great, that the term mestizo, as commonly used by the Spaniards in the Philippines, usually referred to them.
The Evolution of the Chinese mestizo. Although the Chinese who settled in the islands before the Spanish colonization had intermarried with native women, the emergence of the Chinese mestizo as a legally distinct class began only with the Spanish colonial regime.
Soon after the Spaniards founded the city of Manila ina large Chinese colony evolved. Performing multiple services as traders, artisans and domestic servants, the Chinese became indispensable to the needs of the capital. Encouraged to come and settle, the Chinese population increased by leaps and bounds. But the Spaniards could only see in this rapid increase a potential threat to their own rule. They feared that the Chinese, being an ethnic group with roots in China, would be far less loyal to the Spanish regime than the Christianized natives whom the Spaniards called Indios throughout their colonial rule 4.
Thus the Spaniards faced a dilemna : they wanted the Chinese for their indispensable services in the economy personal essays about home furnitures yet were suspicious and wary of their growing number. This dilemna, however, was resolved through the policy of converting the Chinese and encouraging marriages between Catholic Chinese and Catholic Indios.
The missionaries contributed to the achievement of this goal. The friars personal essays about home furnitures their calling among the Chinese and worked hard to convert them. This provided the rationale behind the creation of special communities of Chinese, the most important of which was the Binondo Community founded in 5. The Dominicans became active in converting the place into a community of married Catholics, which by numbered more than 6. When the Gremio de Chino Chinese Guild was set up inpersonal essays about home furnitures, the mestizo descendants as well as the Chinese residents were enrolled in the same Gremio.
In there were about 5, Chinese mestizos living in Binondo C7. Elsewhere, similar Chinese mestizo communities developed. The Jesuits had established a community of Catholic Chinese personal essays about home furnitures the district of Santa Cruz, which in turn produced its own mestizo communtity 8. In Tondo village the Chinese mestizos as well as the Indios came under the charge of the calced religious of St.
Augustine 9. In the early 17th century, there were more than Chinese married to native women in Iloilo In the wake of the Chinese massacre in Manila inmany Chinese fled to Pam- panga and intermarried with the local women t In the early 18th century, the Parian of Cebu was a predominantly Chinese mestizo community In northern Luzon, where marriages between Chinese and lowland natives had already taken place, members of the Limahong expedition which put up a short-lived colony along the Lingayen Gulf inintermarried with the upland women, the Igorots and Tinggians.
The lighter complexion and the graceful built of the Igorots have been ascribed by many. writers to this Chinese infusion It is interesting to note that Lingayen, a town in Pangasinan where Limahong had founded a short-lived kingdom, had the most Chinese mestizos.
Inpersonal essays about home furnitures, they numbered 2, out of a native population of 6, The continued intermarriage of many Personal essays about home furnitures with Indio women resulted in an increasing class of Chinese mestizos. As the Chinese mestizo population increased, the question of their legal status arose. From the beginning of the Spanish occupation to aboutthe inhabitants of the Philippines were classified into 3 classes : Spaniards, Indios and Chinese.
The legal status of the Chinese mestizo were ultimately resolved in when the whole population was reclassifîed for purposes of tribute or tax payment into four classes : Spaniards and Spanish mestizos who were exempted from the tribute; Indios, Chinese mestizos, and Chinese who were all tribute-paying classes although each class was assessed a different amount. In the 19th century the tribute or head tax paid by the Indio was equal to P 1.
In villages where the mestizo tribute payers numbered from 25 to 30, they formed their own barangay, otherwise they belonged to the nearest baran- gay of the natives Bythere wereChinese mestizos in an Indio population of 2, In half a dozen provinces the Chinese mestizos made up one-third or more of the population, and in another half-dozen they accounted for 5 percent to 16 percent of the local inhabitants By this time the infusion of Chinese blood was evident in all the towns.
By the end of the 19th century there were about half a million Chinese mestizos, with some 46, living in Manila Any person born of a Chinese father and an Indio mother was classified a Chinese mestizo. Subsequent descendants were listed as Chinese mestizo. A mestiza who married personal essays about home furnitures Chinese or mestizo, as well as their children, was registered as a mestizo. But a Chinese mestiza who married an Indio was listed, together with her children, as Indio 2°.
It is interesting to note the ways by which Chinese mestizos acquired their names. Sometimes, a mestizo retained the name of his Chinese father, making such transliterated names from the Chinese ideograph as Co, Tan, Lim, Yap, Ong, Uy, Filipino surnames.
Another way was to create a Filipino name by combining parts of the full name of the Chinese father. Thus when. the full name of the Chinese father was Tee Han-kee, the mestizo children might decide to create a new name, Teehankee. The same also explains the proliferation of names once Chinese and later romanized into forms like Yuzon, Limkao, Limcauco, Leongson; if a Chinese name like Yap Tin- chay had been popularly known as Yap-tinco, using the Hokkien the dialect personal essays about home furnitures Fukien were most of the Philippine Chinese personal essays about home furnitures from polite suffix Ko meaning «elder brother» with the personal name, the new name might be Yaptinco.
This explains why there are today numerous Filipino names that end in co, names like Sychangco, Angangco, Tantoco, Tan- chanco, Tantuico, Tanlayco, Cojuangco, Syjuco, Ongsiako, Soliongco, Yupangco, Tanco, Yangco, etc.
Although the names cited above were reminiscent of the mestizo children's ancestry, Catholic Chinese also acquired a Spanish name upon baptism. Jesus Merino examined some of the 17th century baptismal records of the Church of Three Kings in the Parian and came up with this interesting discovery. An entry in the baptismal registry of 21 December showed that a year old Chinese born in China of Chinese parents was baptized Don Pedro de Mendiola, after his godfather Sergeant Major Don Pedro de Mendiola An entry on 14 May showed that a three-week-old daughter of Mateo Giang San and Ynes Lama- nis was baptized Joanna Joanio, after her godmother, Maria Joanio Sometimes a child of Chinese-Filipina parents was given the name of the Filipino mother.
It was not unusual for the mestizo descendant to drop the Chinese part of the name and use only the Spanish part. The descendant of Jose Castro Ongchengco may simply be known by the name Castro, or the Chinese father himself after acquiring a new name might be called by just that new name.
Thus Mariano Velasco Chua Chengco, a wealthy merchant in the late 19th century, was popularly known as Mariano Velasco Another example was that of Antonio Osorio, father of Francisco Osorio, one of the 13 martyrs of Cavité, whose original name was Tan Kim Ko.
Furnishing Your Home - HouseSmarts – Episode 213
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