Cheap essay writing sercice. If you need professional help with completing any kind of homework, Online Essay Help is the right place to get it. Whether you are looking for essay, coursework, research, or term paper help, or with any other assignments, it is no problem for us An admission essay is an essay or other written statement by a candidate, often a potential student enrolling in a college, university, or graduate school. You can be rest assurred that through our service we will write the best admission essay for you ancient Egyptian religion - ancient Egyptian religion - Sources and limitations of ancient and modern knowledge: The only extensive contemporaneous descriptions of ancient Egyptian culture from the outside were made by Classical Greek and Roman writers. Their works include many important observations about Egyptian religion, which particularly interested the writers and which until late
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The question of the race of ancient Egyptians was raised historically as a product of the early racial concepts of the 18th and 19th centuries, and was linked to models of racial hierarchy primarily based on craniometry and anthropometry. A variety of views circulated about the racial identity of the Egyptians and the source of their culture. In more recent times some writers continued to challenge the mainstream view, some focusing on questioning the race of specific notable individuals such as the king represented in the Great Sphinx of Gizanative Egyptian pharaoh TutankhamunEgyptian Queen Tiyeand Greek Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra VII.
Mainstream scholars reject the ancient egyptian essay writers that Egypt was a white or black civilization; they maintain that, despite the phenotypic diversity of Ancient and present-day Egyptiansapplying modern notions of black or white races to ancient Egypt is anachronistic. Moreover, "Most scholars believe that Egyptians in antiquity looked pretty much as they look today, with a gradation of ancient egyptian essay writers shades toward the Sudan ".
In the 18th century, Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volneyancient egyptian essay writers, wrote about the controversy regarding the race of the ancient Egyptians.
In one translation, he wrote "The Copts are the proper representatives of the Ancient Egyptians" due to their "jaundiced and fumed skin, which is neither Greek, Negro nor Arab, their full faces, their puffy eyes, their crushed noses, and their thick lips the ancient Egyptians were true negroes of the same type as all native born Africans". Another early example of the controversy is an article published in The New-England Magazine of Octoberwhere the authors dispute a claim that " Herodotus was given as authority for their being ancient egyptian essay writers. A few years later, inJean-François Champollion stated in his work Egypte Ancienne that the Egyptians and Nubians are represented in the same manner in tomb paintings and reliefsfurther suggesting that: "In the Copts of Egypt, we do not find any of the characteristic features of the ancient Egyptian population.
The Copts are the result of crossbreeding with all the nations that successfully dominated Egypt. It is wrong to seek in them the principal features of the old race. Volney's conclusion as to the Negro origin of the ancient Egyptian civilization is evidently forced and inadmissible. Foster summarized the early 19th century "controversy over the ethnicity of the ancient Egyptians" as a debate of conflicting theories regarding the Hamites.
The debate over the race of the ancient Egyptians intensified during the 19th century movement to abolish slavery in the United Statesas arguments relating to the justifications for slavery increasingly asserted the historical, mental and physical inferiority of black people. Egypt progressed, and why, because it was Caucasian. Nott with George Glidden set out to prove: "that the Caucasian or white, and the Negro races were distinct at a very ancient egyptian essay writers date, and that the Egyptians were Caucasians.
He described her physically as "the ancient egyptian essay writers queen Aohmes Nefertari had an aquiline noselong and thin, and was of a type not in the least prognathous ". Modern scholars who have studied ancient Egyptian culture and population history have responded to the controversy over the race of the ancient Egyptians in different ways. At the UNESCO "Symposium on the Peopling of Ancient Egypt and the Deciphering of the Meroitic Script" in Cairo inthe Black Hypothesis met with "profound" disagreement by scholars.
At the UNESCO conference, ancient egyptian essay writers, most participants concluded that the ancient Egyptian population was indigenous to the Nile Valleyand was made up of people from north and south of the Sahara who were differentiated by their color. Since the second half of the 20th century, most anthropologists have rejected the notion of race as having any validity in the study ancient egyptian essay writers human biology. Thus, by modern American standards it is reasonable to characterize the Egyptians as 'black', while acknowledging the scientific evidence for the physical diversity of Africans.
Snowden asserts "Egyptians, Greeks and Romans attached no special stigma to the colour of the skin and developed no hierarchical notions of race whereby highest and lowest positions in the social pyramid were based on colour, ancient egyptian essay writers. Barbara Mertz writes in Red Land, ancient egyptian essay writers, Black Land: Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: "Egyptian civilization was not Mediterranean or African, Semitic or Hamitic, black or white, but all of them.
It was, in short, Egyptian. Frank J. Yurcoan Egyptologist at the Field Museum and the University of Chicago, said: "When you talk about Egypt, it's just not right to talk about black or white, That's all just American terminology and it serves American purposes.
I can understand and sympathize with the desires ancient egyptian essay writers Afro-Americans to affiliate themselves with Egypt. But ancient egyptian essay writers isn't that simple [. Yurco added that "We are applying a racial divisiveness to Egypt that they would never have accepted, They would have considered this argument absurd, and that is something we could really learn from.
Barry J. It also ignores the fact that Africa is inhabited by many other populations besides Bantu -related "Negroid" groups. He asserts that in reconstructions of life in ancient Egypt, modern Egyptians would therefore be the most logical and closest approximation to the ancient Egyptians. Keita wrote that "There is no scientific reason to believe that the primary ancestors of the Egyptian population emerged and evolved outside of northeast Africa The basic overall genetic profile of the modern population is consistent with the diversity of ancient populations that would have been indigenous to northeastern Africa and subject to the range of evolutionary influences over time, although researchers vary in the details of their explanations of those influences, ancient egyptian essay writers.
Ortiz De Montellano, "the claim that all Egyptians, or even all the pharaohs, were black, is not valid. Most scholars believe that Egyptians in antiquity looked pretty much as they look today, with a gradation of darker shades toward the Sudan ". A study published in by Schuenemann et al. described the extraction and analysis of DNA from mummified ancient Egyptian individuals, whose remains were recovered from a site near the modern village of Abusir el-Meleq in Middle Egyptnear the Faiyum Oasis.
The study was able to measure the mitochondrial DNA of 90 individuals, and it showed that the mitochondrial DNA composition of Egyptian mummies has shown a high level of affinity with the DNA of the populations of the Near East. Of these three, ancient egyptian essay writers, the Y-chromosome haplogroups of two individuals could be assigned to the Middle-Eastern haplogroup Jand one to haplogroup E1b1b1 common in North Africa.
A shared drift and mixture analysis of the DNA of these ancient Egyptian mummies shows that the connection is strongest with ancient populations from the Levantthe Near East and Anatoliaand to a lesser extent modern populations from the Near East and the Levant.
furthermore, ancient egyptian essay writers, "Genetic continuity between ancient and modern Egyptians cannot be ruled out despite this sub-Saharan African influx, while continuity with ancient egyptian essay writers Ethiopians is not supported". The current position of modern scholarship is that the Ancient Egyptian civilization was an indigenous Nile Valley development see population history of Egypt. Keita, Gourdine, and Anselin challenged the assertions in the study. They state the study is missing years of Ancient Egypt's history, fails to include indigenous Nile valley Nubians as a comparison group, only includes New Kingdom and newer Northern Egyptian individuals, and incorrectly classifies "all mitochondrial M1 haplogroups as "Asian" which is problematic.
states, "M1 has been postulated to have emerged in Africa; many M1 daughter haplogroups M1a are clearly African in origin and history, ancient egyptian essay writers. study is best seen as a contribution to understanding a local population history in northern Egypt as opposed to a population history of all Egypt from its inception. A number of scientific papers have reported, based on both maternal and paternal genetic evidence, that a substantial back-flow of people took place from Eurasia into North-east Africa, including Egypt, around 30, years before the start of the Ancient egyptian essay writers period.
Some authors have offered a theory that the M haplogroup may have developed in Africa before the 'Out of Africa' event around 50, years ago, and dispersed in Africa from East Africa 10, to 20, ancient egyptian essay writers ago. Today the issues regarding the race of the ancient Egyptians are "troubled waters which most people who write about ancient Egypt from within the mainstream of scholarship avoid. Several scholars, including Diophave claimed that Tutankhamun was black, and have protested that attempted reconstructions of Tutankhamun's facial features as depicted on the cover of National Geographic magazine have represented the king as "too white".
Among these writers was Chancellor Williamswho argued that King Tutankhamun, his parents, and grandparents were black. Forensic artists and physical anthropologists from Egypt, France, and the United States independently created busts of Tutankhamun, using a CT-scan of the skull. Biological anthropologist Susan Anton, the leader of the American team, said the race of the skull was "hard to call". She stated that the shape of the cranial ancient egyptian essay writers indicated an African, while the nose opening suggested narrow nostrils, which is usually considered to be a European characteristic.
The skull was thus concluded to be that of a Ancient egyptian essay writers African. Although modern technology can reconstruct Tutankhamun's facial structure with a high degree of accuracy, based on CT data from his mummy, [68] [69] determining his skin tone and eye color is impossible.
The clay model was therefore given a coloring, which, ancient egyptian essay writers, according to the artist, was based on an "average shade of modern Egyptians". Terry Garcia, National Geographic ' s executive vice president for mission programs, said, in response to some of those protesting against the Tutankhamun reconstruction:.
The big variable is skin tone. North Africans, we know today, had a range of skin tones, from light to dark. In this case, we selected a medium skin tone, and we say, quite up front, 'This is midrange. Maybe in the future, people will come to a different conclusion. When pressed on the issue by American activists in Septemberthe Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of AntiquitiesZahi Hawass stated "Tutankhamun was not black. In a November publication of Ancient Egypt magazine, Hawass asserted that none of the facial reconstructions resemble Tut and that, in his opinion, the most accurate representation of the boy king is the mask from his tomb.
Inthe genomics company iGENEA launched a Tutankhamun DNA project based on genetic markers that it indicated it had culled from a Discovery Channel special on the pharaoh, ancient egyptian essay writers.
According to the firm, the microsatellite data suggested that Tutankhamun belonged to the haplogroup R1b1a2the most common paternal clade among males in Western Europe, ancient egyptian essay writers. Carsten Pusch and Albert Zink, who led the unit that had extracted Tutankhamun's DNA, ancient egyptian essay writers, chided iGENEA for not liaising with them before establishing the project.
After examining the footage, they also concluded that the methodology the company used was unscientific with Putsch calling them "simply impossible". The race and skin color of Cleopatra VIIthe last active Hellenistic ruler of the Macedonian Greek Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, established in BCE, has also caused some debate, [77] although generally not in scholarly sources.
Louis Post-Dispatch mentions the question, too. Rogers called "World's Great Men of Color. The black Cleopatra claim was further revived in an essay by afrocentrist John Henrik Clarkechair of African history at Hunter College, entitled "African Warrior Queens. Scholars identify Cleopatra as essentially of Greek ancestry with some Persian and Syrian ancestry, based on the fact that her Macedonian Greek family the Ptolemaic dynasty had intermingled with the Seleucid aristocracy of the time.
Ina BBC documentary speculated that Cleopatra might have been part North African. This was based largely on the claims of Hilke Thür of the Austrian Academy of Scienceswho in the s had examined a headless skeleton of a female child in a ancient egyptian essay writers BCE tomb in Ephesus modern Turkeytogether with the old notes and photographs of the now-missing skull.
Thür hypothesized the body as that of Arsinoe, half-sister to Cleopatra. To date it has never been definitively proved that the skeleton is that of Arsinoe IV, ancient egyptian essay writers. Furthermore, craniometry as used by Thür to determine race is based in scientific racism that is now generally considered a pseudoscience that supported "exploitation of groups of people" to "perpetuate racial oppression" and "distorted future views of the biological basis of race.
Mary Beard states that the age of ancient egyptian essay writers skeleton is too young to be that of Arsinoe the bones said to be that of a 15—year-old child, with Arsinoe being around her mid twenties at her death. The identity of the model for the Great Sphinx of Giza is unknown. An early description of the Sphinx, "typically negro in all its features", is recorded in the travel notes of a French scholar, Volneywho visited Egypt between and [] along with French novelist Gustave Flaubert.
American geologist Robert M, ancient egyptian essay writers. Schoch has written that the "Sphinx has a distinctive African, Nubianor Negroid aspect which is lacking in the face of Khafre". Fritze and Mark Lehner of being a "pseudoscientific writer". Anderson writes in Lost City, Found Pyramid: Understanding Alternative Archaeologies and Pseudoscientific Practices that Van Sertima's claim that "the sphinx was a portrait statue of the black pharoah Khafre " is a form of " pseudoarchaeology " not supported by evidence.
Ancient Egyptians referred to their homeland as Kmt conventionally pronounced as Kemet, ancient egyptian essay writers. According to Cheikh Anta Diopthe Egyptians referred to themselves as "Black" people or kmtand km was the etymological root of other words, such as Kam or Ham, which refer to Black people in Hebrew tradition.
Mainstream scholars hold that kmt means "the black land" or "the black ancient egyptian essay writers, and that this is a reference to the fertile black soil that was washed down from Central Africa by the annual Nile inundation. By contrast the barren desert outside the narrow confines of the Nile watercourse was called dšrt conventionally pronounced deshret or "the red land".
At the UNESCO Symposium inSauneron, Obenga, and Diop concluded that KMT and KM meant black. Ancient Egyptian tombs and temples contained thousands of paintings, sculptures, and written works, which reveal a great deal about the people of that time. However, their depictions of themselves in their surviving art and artifacts are ancient egyptian essay writers in sometimes symbolic, rather than realistic, pigments.
As a result, ancient Egyptian artifacts provide sometimes conflicting and inconclusive evidence of the ethnicity of the people who lived in Egypt during dynastic times. In their own art, "Egyptians are often represented in a color that is officially called dark red", according to Diop. with respect to complexion, which makes Negroes black or copper-colored. among African tribes".
The Africanity of Ancient Egypt: Huggins Lectures by Christopher Ehret
, time: 1:51:55DNP: Emerging Areas of Human Health
An admission essay is an essay or other written statement by a candidate, often a potential student enrolling in a college, university, or graduate school. You can be rest assurred that through our service we will write the best admission essay for you Cheap essay writing sercice. If you need professional help with completing any kind of homework, Online Essay Help is the right place to get it. Whether you are looking for essay, coursework, research, or term paper help, or with any other assignments, it is no problem for us We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow blogger.com more
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